Optical Fiber & Electrical Fundamental Rights

  Abstract         To realize the Government of India’s goal to have 20 million broadband subscribers by year 2010, it is essential to drive Fiber To The Home(FTTH) technology along with other broadband access technologies for providing   broadband access. Today, majority of broadband connectivity is offered through Digital Subscriber Line(DSL), Cable Modem and to the limited extent with Wireless technology. FTTH provides enormous bandwidth and long reach offering   Triple play services ( Data, Voice, Video)    on a single fiber. FTTH   is   future proof solution for providing add-on services such as Video on demand, Online Gaming, HD TV. Advancement in the electronic equipment coupled with falling prices of fiber and equipment make FTTH deployment an affordable choice for the telecom operators that result in   long term returns. This paper details various FTTH architectures available for deployment, key developments and tren...

       Splicing is used to permanently join two optical fibers where no additional changes are expected to be made to those fibers at that juncture. This is in contrast to connectors, which are designed to allow quick re-configuration of fiber links.  There are two ways to splice optical fibers: mechanical and fusion. In a mechanical splice, the fibers are held together with ends touching inside some type of sleeve. Mechanical splices are typically used for semi-permanent connections, as in an emergency restoration or for testing and troubleshooting. Mechanical splices usually exhibit greater loss and reflection than fusion splices.  In fusion splicing, the two fibers are literally welded or fused together. This makes for a strong joint that exhibits very low loss and virtually no reflection.   This paper focuses on fusion splicing, although much of what is discussed here can also be applied to mechanical splicing. 

        Mechanical Pump: The mechanically operated diaphragm type fuel pump is operated by an eccentric mounted on the camshaft of the engine. The pump consists of a spring loaded flexible diaphragm actuated by a rocker arm. The rocker arm is actuated by the eccentric. Spring loaded valves are there in the inlet and outlet of the pump. These valves ensure flow of fuel in the proper direction.         As the rocker arm is moved by the eccentric, the diaphragm is pulled down against the spring force. This movement causes a partial vacuum in the pump chamber. Now the delivery valve remains closed and the suction valve opens. This admits fuel into the pump chamber. At the maximum position of the eccentric, the diaphragm is flexed to the maximum extent after this further rotation of the eccentric will release the rocker arm. Now the rocker arm will simply follow eccentric by the action of the retur...

Introduction : The fuel system of an Internal Combustion engine is intended to produce a combustibl  mixture composed of the fuel stored in the fuel tank and the atmospheric air, and then deliver both to the cylinders. Petrol engines use light grade gasoline. Components of fuel feed system:   The fuel feed system of a petrol engine are having the following components. 1. Fuel Tank 2. Fuel Pump 3. Fuel Filter 4. Carburetor 5. Intake manifold 6. Fuel lines 7. Fuel Gauge Oil Bath Type Air Cleaner Dry Type Air Cleaner Centrifugal Type air cleaner OIL BATH TYPE AIR CLEANER Types of Fuel Feed Systems: The fuel from the fuel tank can be supplied to the  engine cylinder by the following systems. 1. Gravity System.  2. Pressure system  3. Vacuum System 4. Pump System  5. Fuel Injection System. Functions of fuel feed system: 1. To store the fuel in the fuel tank. 2. To supply fuel to the engine to the required amount and in proper  condition...

The valves used in four stroke engines are operated by two mechanisms. 1. valve mechanism for operating the valve in engine block or straight or side valve mechanism. 2. Valve mechanism for operating the valve in cylinder head or over head valve mechanism. Side valve operating mechanism      This mechanism is used in the engine block. It is mostly adopted in L,T and F type engine heads. The valve stem slides up and down in the valve stem guide which acts as a slipper bearing. It also prevents the gases from passing from the valve port to the valve chamber of the engine block. Valve spring is fitted between the engine block and spring retainer, which keeps the valve closed tightly on the valve seat, until lifted by the valve tappet by the rotation of the cam. The tappet or lifter is held between guide which is generally a part of the engine block. Adjusting screw is provided on the tappet to adjust the clearance between the uppe...

              The four stroke engine comprises of suction, compression, power or  working and exhaust strokes. 1. Suction Stroke: When the piston moves from TDC to BDC the inlet valve  opens and due to the downward movement of piston a partial vacuum is created in the cylinder above the piston. Due to this partial vacuum air is sucked in at the end of stroke the inlet valve closes. 2. Compression Stroke: When the piston starts moving from BDC to TDC  the air which has been trapped in the cylinder starts getting compressed, when the piston reaches near TDC, the trapped air gets so compressed that its temperature reaches between 5000C to 6500C. this higher increase in temperature is because of higher compression ratio, in this stroke both valves remain closed. 3. Power Stroke: At the end of compression stroke diesel oil is sprayed in  fine atomized form to the burning hot air which has attained te...