Optical Fiber & Electrical Fundamental Rights

1. Stripping of fibers Once the coated fibre is exposed, Use fiber stripper to strip fibre to appropriate length. Take care not to damage the fibres in the process. 2. Cleaning After the coating is removed, clean the fibre with specially designed isopropyl alcohol wipes so that the fibre squeaks. 3. Cleaving A good cleave is the key to obtaining a good splice. Use cleaver to cut the fibre. After cleaving do not touch or clean the fibre. 4. Splicing The fibre is now ready to be spliced mechanically or Fusion. Insert the fibre carefully in the mechanical splice or in the fusion splicer for splicing. Whileinserting in the mechanical splice make sure that fibre is inserted directly in the groove and do not touch any other surface. Fusion splicer will automatically align and fuse the fibre. 5. Protection. In case of fusion splicing cover the splice with heat shrink sleeve and place it in the heater, for mechanical splice carefully close the mechanical splice. 6. Organi...

1. Removal of outer jacket Remove the fibre optic cable's protective jackets and buffers to allow access to the optical fibre. Make sure the blades or cutting members are not damaging the buffer tubes. 2. Cutting of Kevlar. The Kevlar can be trimmed using scissors or Kevlar cutters. 3. Cleaning of Buffer Tubes. Clean the jelly on buffer tubes with isopropyl wipes. 4. Fixing of cable in the enclosure. The cable should be fixed in the enclosure according to the recommendations of the manufacturer of the splice enclosure. 5. Stripping of Buffer Tubes. The buffer tubes, like the outer jackets, can be removed by mechanical stripping tools. Use care not to kink or damage the internal coated fibres.

         There are two methods of fibre optic splicing, fusion splicing & mechanical splicing. Mechanical splicing is usually carried out for emergency restorations whereas fusion splicing is done for permanent repairs of damaged cable or to connect the reels of cable during installation Mechanical Splicing: Mechanical splices are simply alignment devices, designed to hold the two fibre ends in a precisely aligned position thus enabling light to pass from one fibre into the other. (Typical loss: 0.3 dB) Fusion Splicing: Fusion splicing is the joining and fusing of two fibres by placing them between two electrodes, and discharging an electric arc over the fibres. This splice technique is non-reflective. Fusion splicing machine is used to precisely align the two fibre ends then the glass ends are "fused" together using electric arc. This produces a continuous connection between the fibres enabling lower loss and less back reflection than mechanical s...

• Optical Power Meter: An instrument that measures optical power from the end of a fibre • Laser Source: An instrument that uses a laser or LED to send an optical signal into fibre for testing loss of the fibre • Optical Loss Test Set (OLTS): A measurement instrument for optical loss that includes both a power meter and laser source • Reference Test Cables: Short, single fibre cables with connectors on both ends, used to test unknown cables. • Mating Adapter: Also called couplers, allow two cables with connectors to mate. • Optical Microscope: Used to inspect the end surface of a connector for dirt.

• Attenuation: The reduction in optical power as it passes along a fibre, usually expressed in decibels (dB). • Bandwidth: The range of signal frequencies or bit rate within which a fibre optic link or network will operate. • Chromatic dispersion: A property of optical fibre due to which different wavelengths travel at different speeds and arrive at different times, resulting in spreading of a pulse in an optical waveguide. • Decibels (dB): A unit of measurement for optical power which indicates relative power. A -10 dB means a reduction in power by 10 times. • dBm: Absolute Power, Optical power referenced to 1 milliwatt. • Nanometer (nm): A unit of measure used to measure the wavelength of light (meaning one one-billilonth of a meter) • Optical Loss: The amount of optical power lost during transmission of through fiber, splices, couplers, etc. expressed in dB. • Optical Power: It is measured in "dBm", or decibels referenced to one miliwatt of...

• Splice enclosures For long cable runs outside, the point where cables are spliced, sealed up and buried in the ground, put in a vault of some kind or hung off a pole. • Splice panels Connect individual fibres from cables to pigtails • Splice: A permanent joint between two fibres • Mechanical Splice: A splice where the fibres are aligned by mechanical means • Fusion Splice: A splice created by fusing two fibres together • Fusion Splicer: An instrument that splices fibres by fusing them, typically by electrical arc.

1. Terminations • Patch panels:-   Provides a centralized location for patching fibres, testing, monitoring and restoring cables. • Connector:    A non-permanent device for connecting two fibres or fibres to equipment where they are expected to be disconnected occasionally for testing or rerouting. It also provides protection to both fibres. • Ferrule:   A tube which holds a fibre for alignment, usually part of a connector • LC Connector LC stands for Latched Connector and its interconnect is based upon the RJ-45 telephone interface. The LC Connector uses Zirconia ceramic ferrules in a free-floating and pull proof design. • SC connector SC Stands for Single Coupling. It is Square shaped snap-in connector that latches with a simple push-pull. The SC connector has the advantage (over ST) of being duplexed into a single connector clip with both transmit/receive fibres. • MU Connector The MU stands for Miniature Unit fibre-optic connector, which...

1. Core: The centre of the fibre through which the light is transmitted. 2. Cladding: The outside optical layer of the fibre that traps the light in the core and guides it along and even through curves. 3. Buffer coating or primary coating: A hard plastic coating on the outside of the fibre that protects the glass from moisture or physical damage.         Fiber optic cable functions as a "light guide," guiding the light introduced at one end of the cable through to the other end. The core and cladding are manufactured together as a single piece of silica glass. The core region’s refractive index (or optical density) is greater than the cladding layer. The glass does not have a hole in the core, but is completely solid throughout. The light is "guided" down through the core. The cladding traps the light in the core using an optical technique called "total internal reflection.” The third section of an optical fibre is the outer protective coatin...

               Fibre Optic is a thin strand of highly transparent glass or sometimes plastic that guide light. It is used as a medium for carrying information from one point to another in the form of light. A basic fibre optic system consists of a transmitting device, which generates the light signal; an optical fibre cable, which carries the light; and a receiver, which accepts the light signal transmitted. The fibre itself is passive and does not contain any active properties

Three basic types of fiber optic cable are used in communication systems: 1. Step-index multimode 2, Step-index single mode   3, Graded-index Step-index multimode fiber has an index of refraction profile that “steps” from low to high to  low as measured from cladding to core to cladding. Relatively large core diameter and  numerical aperture characterize this fiber. The core/cladding diameter of a typical multimode  fiber used for telecommunication is 62.5/125 μm (about the size of a human hair). The term  “multimode” refers to the fact that multiple modes or paths through the fiber are possible. Stepindex  multimode fiber is used in applications that require high bandwidth (< 1 GHz) over  relatively short distances (< 3 km) such as a local area network or a campus network backbone.       The major benefits of multimode fiber are: (1) it is relatively easy to work with; (2) because of  its larger core ...

           Fiber optics is a medium for carrying information from one point to another in the form of light.  Unlike the copper form of transmission, fiber optics is not electrical in nature. A basic fiber            optic system consists of a transmitting device that converts an electrical signal into a light  signal, an optical fiber cable that carries the light, and a receiver that accepts the light signal and  converts it back into an electrical signal. The complexity of a fiber optic system can range from  very simple (i.e., local area network) to extremely sophisticated and expensive (i.e., longdistance  telephone or cable television trunking). For example, the system shown in Figure could be built very inexpensively using a visible LED, plastic fiber, a silicon photodetector, and some simple electronic circuitry. The overall cost could be less than $20. On the other hand, a typical system used...

Optical fiber systems have many advantages over metallic-based communication systems. These advantages include: • Long-distance signal transmission The low attenuation and superior signal integrity found in optical systems allow much longer intervals of signal transmission than metallic-based systems. While single-line,voice-grade copper systems longer than a couple of kilometers (1.2 miles) require in-line signal for satisfactory performance, it is not unusual for optical systems to go over 100 kilometers (km), or about 62 miles, with no active or passive processing. • Large bandwidth, light weight, and small diameter Today’s applications require an ever-increasing amount of bandwidth. Consequently, it is important to consider the space constraints of many end users. It is commonplace to install new cabling within existing duct systems or conduit. The relatively small diameter and light weight of optical cable make such installations easy and practical, saving valuabl...

Introduction                                     Since its invention in the early 1970s, the use of and demand for optical fiber have grown tremendously. The uses of optical fiber today are quite numerous. With the explosion of information traffic  due  to the Internet, electronic  commerce,  computer  networks,  multimedia, voice, data, and video,  the need for a  transmission medium with the  bandwidth  capabilities for handling  such vast amounts of  information is  paramount. Fiber optics, with  its comparatively  infinite bandwidth, has proven to be the solution.                    Companies such as AT&T, MCI, and U.S. Sprint use optical fiber cable to carry plain old telephone service (POTS) across their nationwide networks. Local telephone service providers...