Optical Fiber & Electrical Fundamental Rights

        Mechanical Pump: The mechanically operated diaphragm type fuel pump is operated by an eccentric mounted on the camshaft of the engine. The pump consists of a spring loaded flexible diaphragm actuated by a rocker arm. The rocker arm is actuated by the eccentric. Spring loaded valves are there in the inlet and outlet of the pump. These valves ensure flow of fuel in the proper direction.         As the rocker arm is moved by the eccentric, the diaphragm is pulled down against the spring force. This movement causes a partial vacuum in the pump chamber. Now the delivery valve remains closed and the suction valve opens. This admits fuel into the pump chamber. At the maximum position of the eccentric, the diaphragm is flexed to the maximum extent after this further rotation of the eccentric will release the rocker arm. Now the rocker arm will simply follow eccentric by the action of the retur...

Introduction : The fuel system of an Internal Combustion engine is intended to produce a combustibl  mixture composed of the fuel stored in the fuel tank and the atmospheric air, and then deliver both to the cylinders. Petrol engines use light grade gasoline. Components of fuel feed system:   The fuel feed system of a petrol engine are having the following components. 1. Fuel Tank 2. Fuel Pump 3. Fuel Filter 4. Carburetor 5. Intake manifold 6. Fuel lines 7. Fuel Gauge Oil Bath Type Air Cleaner Dry Type Air Cleaner Centrifugal Type air cleaner OIL BATH TYPE AIR CLEANER Types of Fuel Feed Systems: The fuel from the fuel tank can be supplied to the  engine cylinder by the following systems. 1. Gravity System.  2. Pressure system  3. Vacuum System 4. Pump System  5. Fuel Injection System. Functions of fuel feed system: 1. To store the fuel in the fuel tank. 2. To supply fuel to the engine to the required amount and in proper  condition...

The valves used in four stroke engines are operated by two mechanisms. 1. valve mechanism for operating the valve in engine block or straight or side valve mechanism. 2. Valve mechanism for operating the valve in cylinder head or over head valve mechanism. Side valve operating mechanism      This mechanism is used in the engine block. It is mostly adopted in L,T and F type engine heads. The valve stem slides up and down in the valve stem guide which acts as a slipper bearing. It also prevents the gases from passing from the valve port to the valve chamber of the engine block. Valve spring is fitted between the engine block and spring retainer, which keeps the valve closed tightly on the valve seat, until lifted by the valve tappet by the rotation of the cam. The tappet or lifter is held between guide which is generally a part of the engine block. Adjusting screw is provided on the tappet to adjust the clearance between the uppe...

              The four stroke engine comprises of suction, compression, power or  working and exhaust strokes. 1. Suction Stroke: When the piston moves from TDC to BDC the inlet valve  opens and due to the downward movement of piston a partial vacuum is created in the cylinder above the piston. Due to this partial vacuum air is sucked in at the end of stroke the inlet valve closes. 2. Compression Stroke: When the piston starts moving from BDC to TDC  the air which has been trapped in the cylinder starts getting compressed, when the piston reaches near TDC, the trapped air gets so compressed that its temperature reaches between 5000C to 6500C. this higher increase in temperature is because of higher compression ratio, in this stroke both valves remain closed. 3. Power Stroke: At the end of compression stroke diesel oil is sprayed in  fine atomized form to the burning hot air which has attained te...

The classification of petrol engines on the arrangement of cylinder is as follows. 1. Inline arrangement – 2 in line, 3 inline, 4 inline, 6 inline and 8 inline. 2. V arrangement – v-4, v-6, v-8 and v-12. 3. Opposed cylinder or flat arrangement – flat 2, flat 4 and flat 6. 4. Radial cylinder arrangement. Construction and working of 2 Stroke and 4 stroke engines  Two Stroke engine:                     The two stroke engine there are two strokes namely upward stroke and downward stroke. In a two stroke engine, the two strokes are completed in two strokes of the piston or one complete revolution of the crankshaft. Upward stroke: during the upward stroke the piston moves upward from bottom dead centre to top dead centre. The air fuel mixture or air is compressed in the combustion chamber of the cylinder. Due to upward movement of the piston, a partial vacuum is created in the crankcase, and a new c...

Materials used, function and Constructional details of Petrol Engine Components Engine consists of the following parts. 1. Cylinder block  2. Cylinder head 3. Crankcase  4. Piston 5. Piston Rings  6. Piston Pin 7. Connecting Rod  8. Crankshaft 9. Flywheel  10. Valves and valve mechanism 11. Rocker Arm  12. Camshaft besides the above components engine contain so many accessories like aircleaner,  oil filter, automatic chokes, automatic heat controls, spark plug, ignition devices, carburetors, manifolds, vibration damper etc. Materials used for various components:  The cylinder block and cylinder heat are made of gray cast iron and sometimes with addition of nickel and chromium. Some cylinder blocks are  cast from aluminum, cast iron or steel. The cylinder blocks are made of casting process. Small engine cylinder blocks walls are plated with chromium to reduce wall wear and to increase their service life. The cylinder gasket...

Materials used, function and Constructional details of Petrol Engine Components Engine consists of the following parts. 1. Cylinder block 2. Cylinder head 3. Crankcase 4. Piston 5. Piston Rings 6. Piston Pin 7. Connecting Rod 8. Crankshaft 9. Flywheel 10. Valves and valve mechanism 11. Rocker Arm 12. Camshaft besides the above components engine contain so many accessories like aircleaner,  oil filter, automatic chokes, automatic heat controls, spark plug, ignition devices, carburetors, manifolds, vibration damper etc. Materials used for various components: The cylinder block and cylinder heat are made of gray cast iron and  sometimes with addition of nickel and chromium. Some cylinder blocks are cast from aluminum, cast iron or steel. The cylinder blocks are made of casting process. Small engine cylinder blocks walls are plated with chromium  to reduce wall wear and to increase their service life. The cylinder gaskets are made of copper-asbestos, steel asbe...

The I.C. Engine can be classified on the basis of 1. Working cycle: a. Otto cycle Engine or Spark Ignition Engine (S.I.Engine) b. Diesel Cycle Engine or Compression Ignition engine (C.I. Engine) 2. Number of strokes: a. Two Stroke engine b. Four Stroke engine. 3. Fuel used: a. Liquefied petrol engines b. Diesel engines c. Gasoline or petrol d. Compressed Natural gas engines, e. Methane or ethanol engines. 4. Fuel supply system: a. Fuel supply through carburetor b. Fuel injected by Fuel injecting pump. 5. Method of ignition: a. battery or coil ignition b. Magneto ignition c. Electronic ignition 6. Method of cooling: i) Air cooled ii) Water cooled 7. Cylinder Arrangement: i) in line type ii)V type iii) Opposed cylinder type iv)Radial type 8. Valve operating system: i) Overhead type ii) Side valve type

Types of engines: Mainly engines are of two types. External Combustion Engines (E.C. Engines) E.g.: Steam Engines. Internal Combustion Engines (I.C. Engines) E.g.: All Automobile Engines. External Combustion Engines: The External Combustion Engines are  those in which the combustion takes place outside the engine cylinder. E.g.: Steam Engine. Internal Combustion Engines: In the Internal Combustion Engines the  combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder. E.g.: All Automobile Engines.        Functions of I.C. Engine: Engine is that kind of prime mover which converts chemical energy of fuel into mechanical energy. The fuel on burning changes to gas which impinges upon the piston and pushes it to change into reciprocating motion. The reciprocating motion of piston is then converted to rotary motion of crank shaft with the help of slider mechanism involving connecting rod and crank shaft. Several types of I....

Introduction: An automobile is a self propelled vehicle which is used for the transportation of passengers and goods upon the ground. Auto means automatically and mobile or motive means one which can move. Automobile engineering is a branch of mechanical engineering and have practice to propel them. Car, bus, truck, jeep, tractor, scooter, motorcycle are examples of automobiles. ENGINE: It is a machine which converts heat energy into mechanical energy. It should be understandable that the energy supplied to the engine is of the chemical form like diesel or petrol or kerosene. This chemical energy is converted into heat energy by the process of compression or spark ignition inside the engine. The heat energy is then is converted into mechanical energy.